Challenges For Mental Health Social Workers

Challenges For Mental Health Social Workers Service users with mental health problems can present social workers with their own unique challenges; by exploring these challenges it is possible to gain a greater understanding of the role of the social worker. It is intended to look at the desired outcomes from Social Work intervention and the processes that a Social Worker can use to facilitate these outcomes.   Prevention-Work with groups at risk of mental health problems to promote positive mental health -work with individuals and families reduce the negative effects of institutionalisation and to promote social integration. (DAVIES, 2008)pp260 Multidisciplinary Teams-medicine- Psychiatrist-nurses-psychologist-occupational therapists-social worker All Social Workers, not just Mental Health Social Workers, need to be aware of the multitude of mental health conditions that exist. Whilst it is not the role of a Social worker to diagnose a mental illness; it is important for Social Workers to recognize that a client may have a mental health problem and be able to refer the client to a medical professional. Mental Health issues are present across all areas of social work including, child protection, older people, criminal justice and physical illness. (Manktelow, 2008) It is also important that Social Workers understand the various causes and contributing factors that can lead to the onset of mental health problems. It is widely agreed among health professionals that the causes of mental illness can be physical, psychological, social and environmental or more usually a combination of these factors. Physical- Genetic, brain injury, illness, pre birth factors such as maternal substance abuse or maternal illness during pregnancy Psychological- Abuse or trauma, bereavement or divorce Social and environmental factors- Lack of support network, stressful job, unemployment, living in a deprived or high crime area, poor accommodation, and lack of privacy. (www.rethink.org) http://www.rethink.org/about_mental_illness/what_causes_mental_illness/index.html [accessed 23/11/2010] Whilst physical causes can generally be put purely in the realm of the medical professionals; some issues such as substance abuse during pregnancy are a social work issue and whilst it is intended to concentrate on the work of the social worker within the bounds of mental health it is important to remember that many of the agreed causes of mental health problems are also social work issues and that early intervention in these areas can prevent future problems. The Social Workers role is especially important for service users with a dual diagnosis i.e. schizophrenia and substance dependence as the two conditions tend to be managed by different agencies; add to that issues with housing and benefits and it can be seen that effective communication as facilitated by the Social Worker is paramount (Parrish, 2010) The ultimate role of intervention is to improve the quality of life for the service user, their families, carers and all concerned. Cite Perhaps now would be a good time to look at what a person requires to feel that they have a good quality of life and the negative effect that a mental health problem could have on these requirements. Maslow with his Hierarchy of Needs tells us that to achieve a good quality of life we need firstly, the basic requirements of life without which a person will die then next in the hierarchy is the need for safety followed by Love and belonging, esteem and finally self actualization. Whilst the theory has its critics; most of the criticisms are aimed at the hierarchal nature of the theory. When the theory is applied to a specific population as in Majercsiks study of the needs of geriatric patients it can be seen that the hierarchy can be skewed.(Majercsik, 2005) It is generally agreed that if these needs are not met then this will have a negative effect on quality of life. E. Majercsik. (2005). Hierarchy of Needs of Geriatric Patients. Gerontology, 51(3), 170-3. Retrieved November 26, 2010, from ProQuest Nursing Allied Health Source. (Document ID: 823764721). The initial concerns during assessment and intervention are to ensure that the basic needs of the individual are being met and that they can continue to be met either by the individual or if necessary by a care plan. As well protecting the client from harm Service users with mental health problems my present a safety risk to themselves or others and it is important that these risks be assessed and if necessary steps taken to reduce these risks. If a client is deemed to be a risk to themselves or others they may be detained for treatment under the Mental Health Act (1983). This process requires an Approved Mental Health Professional (AMHP) to make an application for admission to hospital for assessment or treatment. Deprivation of liberty is a serious matter and as such it is covered by strict laws and guidelines. It is important for a Social worker working in the field of mental health to know the laws and procedures involved with compulsory detention. (Golightley, 2008) Mental illness can be caused by abuse but also having a mental illness can leave a person vulnerable to abuse. Individuals with mental health problems are vulnerable to abuse in many forms, physical, sexual, psychological, financial, discrimanatary and neglectful. This abuse can come from many sources, friends, family, neighbours, strangers and even care proffessionals. This abuse can be intentional or unintentional. Working with vulnerable people puts a Social Worker in a position of power both real and percieved and it is important that this position of power is not abused. The GSCC Codes of Practice state that as a Social Worker you should recognise and use resposibly the power that comes from your work with service users and carers (GSCC 2002). The use of anti oppressive, anti discriminatory and reflective practices is therefore essential to good practice. Working in partnership with clients, setting the client realistic goals and the use of a person centered approach all serve t o redress this balance of power. Recognizing how ones own emotions, circumstances and values effect the way in which a person or situation is percieved is an important factor in being non-judgemental. A Holistic approach, taking into account, race, culture, social standing can help prevent discrimination. It is important to appreciate that any care plan should meet the needs of the individual and to ensure that the family/carers are also supported. Caring for a family member with a mental health problem can have many negative effects on the carer. The family may suffer financial hardship, social stigma and isolation. Children may feel or even be neglected due to the demands of caring placed on a family; this can lead to attention seeking behaviour, missing school, poor hygene, poor health or criminal activity. They may feel fear or intimidated by the unusual behaviour exhibited in some forms of mental illness. Carers may feel helpless, overwhelmed, tired, socialy deprived and may neglect their own care in favour of that of the ill family member; this can lead to physical or mental illness for the carer. If the carer can no longer cope with the caring role then the individual can be neglected. It is essential then that the family/carers receive support in their role. The Social Worker must develop a care plan that helps the family cope with their role as carers; this may include carer support groups, coping strategies for dealing with aggressive behaviour or hallucinations, advice on benefits, bringing in outside carers and explainations of treatments and illnesses. An effective care plan can improve the quality of life for the service user and their family and this in turn reduces the need for hospitalization and can prevent a host of future problems. Service users who require hospitalization for long periods of time can present different problems. They can become institutionalized and require a lot of work when the time comes that they are ready to re enter society.

Free Hamlet Essays: Hamlet Interpreted :: The Tragedy of Hamlet Essays

Hamlet Interpreted It is clear Hamlet can be interpreted from a multitude of perspectives on numerous levels. I cannot quite grasp Mr. Bloom's contention that this is a work of near biblical importance nor can I accept his allusions to Jesus or the Buddha. "Hamlet remains apart; something transcendent about him places him more aptly with the biblical King David, or with even more exalted scriptural figures."(Bloom, 384). My immediate response is that when Mr. Bloom shuffles off this mortal coil, I don't believe Billy Shakespeare will be waiting with a pint of ale. Professor Schechner's enjoyable production increased my appreciation of the value of wardrobe and inflection of voice. Prior to this performance I did not see Polonius as a buffoon (as portrayed by Mr. Shapli), nor the incestuous nature of Ophelia's familial relationships (Ms. Cole's ability to transform from coquette to lunatic was shocking). Doubtless there are near as many interpretations of Hamlet as there are Shakespearean aficionados. My own expertise lies in the political arena. I believe Hamlet could be construed as a treatise on aggressive, imperialist behavior. Throughout the Dramaturgic Analysis of Hamlet Prince of Denmark the indecisiveness of Hamlet is noted. He does not immediately seek vengeance but continually schemes, rants and raves (both in his rational and insane moments). Whether cowardice, caution, or simply indifference dominate his persona is unclear - what is clear is his distaste for his own behavior: "How stand I then, That have a father kill'd, a mother stain'd,...And let all sleep, while to my shame I see The imminent death of twenty thousand men... (sic)." (Shakespeare, 116). The impending doom of the twenty thousand men alludes to a campaign waged by Fortinbas, the Prince of Norway. Though the battleground is said to be of little value, Fortinbas is warring on principles of honor and the subsequent expansion of Norway. An enraged Hamlet mistakenly slays Polonius. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are sent to their inconsequential deaths only when he is inspired by pirates to save his own life. These murders involved no elaborate schemes but were simply enacted. Yet with all his planning, his opportunities, his justification, why can he not kill Claudius? The portrayal of the pirates as "merciful thieves" (Shakespeare, 124) and the fact that warlike Fortinbras succeeds in Poland and obtains the Kingdom of Denmark by play's end - may be a commentary on decisive, imperialistic behavior.

The Evaluation of TOEFL test

The test is used in college admissions for non-native English speaking students to an English- peaking country purposes. Although it provides scores of test takers so that college administrators can know their English proficiency directly, the test is not aim at ranking. The test divides criteria into four parts: reading, listening, speaking and writing. According to process, reading comprehension is the first part should be measured. This part tests test takers' ability to comprehend academic reading materials.In this section, the format of questions Is multiple choices and content of test questions Involves In various ways such as testing vocabulary, details, and mall Ideas. To avoid creating an advantage to examinees In any one field of study, sufficient context Is provided so that no specific subject can be used to answer the questions. It is a big advantage of the test. Moreover, other advantage is like that, due to diversified questions, it helps learners to know how to get inf ormation effectively in a limited time.It also encourages test takers to read more academic materials involving in different area and critically think how to read deferent academic articles when they are learning. However, the questions of reading test mostly adopt multiple choice rather than short answer. It may limit takers to think more about their own opinion. For example, when testing about vocabulary, the question Just gives four choices and asks examinees to choose the best one. Actually, there are also have a lot of words can be selected.The goal of the question Is to assess test takers about their understanding of this word. Therefore, I think If questions may ask examinees to write down their own words based on their comprehension that Is better. In the listening section, it involves in dialogues and academic talks. The purpose of this section is to test listening comprehension in academic environment. In other words, it measures test takers' ability of listening for basic comprehension, listening for pragmatic understanding and to connect and combine ideas presented in multiple information sources.Like reading section, the formats of questions also adopt various ways. Moreover, examinees' note taking can be practiced and improved from the listening test. Dialogues and lectures talking will last more than one minute. To most of them, they cannot memorize the whole content without noting. Therefore, how to write down key information in a limited time can be a skill for test takers who will study In an academic atmosphere. Furthermore, diverse formats provide a good opportunity for them to realize how to master essential Information with thinking different ways.The speed of listening Is normal speed and sometimes, the listening test involves in different voices of pronunciation to make test takers know and listening test as we discussed above. I think the way that listening test needs to improve is similar to reading test. It also means that using open questions replace multiple choices can be thought. Next part is speaking test. This section will test ability to communicate effectively in a variety of situations.The ability of synthesizing and summarizing what test takers have read in their textbooks and heard in and outside of the class, the skill of forming their own opinions in response to the information they have processed, well-developed, coherent and clear idea with effective use of grammar, and good pronunciation and intonation these are main goals to assess speaking ability. The strength of this part is to combine reading with speaking and to provide opinion-based questions. Moreover, the degree of each question be tested is gradually harder.The topic for examinees may also from familiar to a little hard to understand. In my opinion, the speaking test can be a bad section as well as a good one in TOEFL. The good way is that it not Just evaluates speaking ability in academic way but also involves in common environment. I t not just has output but input first such as reading, and then speaking. Nevertheless, due to the test is based on Internet, that is, speaking section also needs to be tested in the computer, and it brings a problem.Compared with talking to examiners, it is not flexible. It has no communication between examinees and examiners. For my perspective, test takers also may feel anxiety because there has no response when hey speak and feel nervous or without good preparation to speak due to time limited. The last component in TOEFL is the writing section. It measures ability to write in standard academic English. It divides into two parts: integrated writing task and independent writing task.The goal of the first part integrated writing task asks examiners to demonstrate that they have understood material coming from different sources (reading and listening) and to combine the information from those sources in a coherent, well organized, summarized written form to draw conclusions of the important points. The independent writing task aims to measure the students' ability to state their opinions or express their comments on topics which are based on their personal knowledge and experience. In general, if test takers want to get a higher score, they should know steps of essay and practice more in academic ways.The good thing of this TOEFL writing test is using academic materials to integrate reading and listening to write a summary. Although topic of independent writing task is not necessary referring to academic issues, the writing steps should follow in academic steps. Moreover, owing to computer-based writing, the score is not influenced by handwriting. Nevertheless, it may also be a problem due to time limit especially for some people who are not good at typing or have not well speediness. It is a little hard to deal with except encouraging these persons to practice more about their typing.To sum up, I think TOEFL test is a good test though it brings some challeng e to me. There have a lot of benefits of this test. Firstly, it ensures that test- takers are being measured objectively on the same material. The grading is standardized based on rubrics provided by TEST, so test scores are the same no matter whom or what is scoring them. Secondly, there is no age, no gender and no nationality limit for taking the test. Anyone who wants to assess their English language performance especially for people who need to study aboard in English feedback.When persons received their result, score will definitely appear in their paper and evaluation of each section will be provided so that examinees are able to know the strength and weakness of themselves in general ways. Finally, the speaking and writing parts integrate some input tasks such as reading and listening to test rather than be measured separately. The integrated tasks may be considered more Hellenizing in the test will help learners build the confidence needed to communicate in the academic envi ronments they plan to enter because students need to be able to combine their language skills in the classroom.Appropriate challenge will improve learners to more think about their weakness of language learning and hence to find effective ways they can develop. However, there still have some limitations in the test. In the first place, although test takers can be offered some feedbacks from the organization, the feedbacks of scores Just simplify the degree of their performance. They cannot get more individual feedback about the strength and weakness they have according to the test. Likewise, each level still has its deviation.Even though examinees can get same level of sections for each test, they may confuse about the score why last time they can get a high score whereas this time is a low score. In the second place, I feel the time arrangement also has its problem. In general, the test will last three hours at least but Just ten minutes for break from morning to afternoon. For man y test takers, the time may make them feel exhausted and influence their performance more or less. In the third place, the procedure of the test may also have its weakness.In order to avoid cheating in the test, examiners require learners to answer extra section such as reading or listening based on different individuals randomly. Hence, it will result in the time of speaking section beginning different. It is unfair to the individuals who are doing speaking earlier while others who are still doing reading or listening part can have a chance to listen others' speaking and have more time to prepare during the break. The final point I want to mention is that there have a lot of test preparation for each section test.Learners will make more focus on searching or studying methods in order to get a higher score rather than improve their language ability. As we discussed above the limitation, not all can get right solution. But I think we still are able to find some ways to improve. First ly, the examiners can provide rubrics of each specific score for test takers instead of the level of performance. That is, I think they need to list more details of each point and make learners more better understanding about why they can get this point and why they cannot get. The feedback should mainly reflect individual's strength and weakness instead of general errors.The general problem also can be placed in the reflection but not in the domain way. Secondly, when talking about dealing with the procedure, I think administers may provide another place for test takers about test speaking. In other words, when finishing their reading and listening part, examiners need to go the place which dedicated to speaking test after having a rest. Finally, due to various test preparation, in my opinion, I believe that form of diversification can be a good way to assess. For example, applying more open questions instead of multiple choices may be helpful for improving learners high order thin king.

Analysis Of George Orwell s Animal Farm - 1482 Words

Camelot Appling English Honors II Ms.Litos Indirect and Direct Characterization There are lots of difference between indirect and direct characterization. Truthfully, what does indirect and direct characterization really mean? Indirect Characterization: is the process in which the personality of a fictional character is revealed by the characters speech, actions, appearance and so much more. Direct characterization: is when the process in which the personality of a fictional character is revealed by using descriptive adjectives, phrases, or epithets. Last year I read many books that use indirect and direct characterization. I would say that some of the most drawn characterizations were in the novel the Romeo and Juliet. We find indirect and direct characterization in many literature. Also in the book Animal Farm which was written by George Orwell who is a great writer and this book showed me a lot about when it came to direct and indirect characterization. We can find many indirect and direct characterization which would help us understand in depth what the auth or means and his purpose of writing this novel about animals who take over their farm. These characterizations can basically help you understand more and connect more to the characters of these books. These books that I have chosen have both difficult character to understand but the characterizations can actually help with the problems that you have connecting to theShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of George Orwell ´s Animal Farm1077 Words   |  5 Pages‘Animal Farm’ is considered as one of George Orwell’s most popular and enduring works. Utilizing the form of the animal fable the short novel chronicles the story of a group of barnyard animals that revolt against their human masters in an attempt to create an Utopian state. Orwell satires the rise and decline of socialism in the Soviet Union and the emergence of the totalitarian regime of Joseph Stalin. 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Nursing and Health Care Degrees 2019

There is more to the study of nursing today than obtaining certification as an RN. And there are a number of degrees in health care that are options for people interested in entering the health care field. At the entry level and lower management level, you can take a relatively short course of study and receive certification as a medical assistant, a nurses assistant or any number of other support roles in the health care field. At the college level you can find all degree options in one health care profession or another. The best snapshot of industry-wide options comes from a look through the distance learning programs for health care positions. Because online education is job-focused, it is a quick study on the careers that are out there in nursing and other health care professions. University of Phoenix Online provides a comprehensive program of nursing studies. Some of their nursing degrees incorporate health care administration as well. Their health care masters programs include two MBA degrees with health care specialization; one of them is a dual masters degree, combining the MBA with a masters in nursing. Here is a list of their degrees in health care and nursing: .ub47760f19d9abd02212c5379e35a16bb { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .ub47760f19d9abd02212c5379e35a16bb:active, .ub47760f19d9abd02212c5379e35a16bb:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .ub47760f19d9abd02212c5379e35a16bb { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .ub47760f19d9abd02212c5379e35a16bb .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .ub47760f19d9abd02212c5379e35a16bb .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .ub47760f19d9abd02212c5379e35a16bb:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ AA Business Watch Out for these Common Degree ScamsBachelor of Science/Health Administration Bachelor of Science in Nursing Master of Business Administration/Health Care Management Master of Health Administration Master of Science in Nursing Master of Science in Nursing Nursing/Health Care Education Master of Science in Nursing/Integrative Health Care Master of Science in Nursing/Master of Business Administration/Health Care Management Master of Science in Nursing/Master of Health Administration Doctor of Health Administration University of Phoenix Online has expanded study in the nursing profession to include a number of areas that are vital in todays managed health care environment. Their nursing program and their health administration academics are state of the art. Kaplan University has kept their online health care options to the basics. They offer a bachelors degree in health care management. They also have an RN program with a bachelors in science at completion. Colorado Technical University has an online MBA program with emphasis in health care management. They also offer a bachelors in science with specialization in health care management. If you are within range of one of their six campuses, you can obtain a bachelors in nursing and health care associates degrees in the following specializations: .u9e253cbb05a0b62ded3423956c78518c { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u9e253cbb05a0b62ded3423956c78518c:active, .u9e253cbb05a0b62ded3423956c78518c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u9e253cbb05a0b62ded3423956c78518c { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u9e253cbb05a0b62ded3423956c78518c .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u9e253cbb05a0b62ded3423956c78518c .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u9e253cbb05a0b62ded3423956c78518c:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Bachelor of Science in Business Administration Learn What it Takes to Be a Chief Financial Officer (CFO)Health Care Information Technology Massage Therapy Medical Assisting Radiologic Technology Surgical Technology Jones International University has an MBA program that specializes in health care management. Their curriculum includes courses in telemedicine and emerging technologies; marketing health services; e-marketing management; and in information technology management. This sampling of classes indicates to what degree Jones International University sees the health care management business relying on the internet not only for business functions but for medical purposes as well. Online courses to complete earlier college efforts can lead you to a degree in nursing or a degree with any number of health care administration specializations. One of the values of online academics is that the courses and degree programs are designed for efficient completion. Academically, you can be where you want to be much faster than you might think. Related ArticlesColleges for the Health Care ProfessionsOnline Degree Options in Health CareGetting Your Health Care Management EducationAcquiring a Health Care Degree on the InternetGetting a College Education OnlineAttaining a Health Care Management Masters Degree .ub72b6891f2b445342c153360504ba98c { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .ub72b6891f2b445342c153360504ba98c:active, .ub72b6891f2b445342c153360504ba98c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .ub72b6891f2b445342c153360504ba98c { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-trans ition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .ub72b6891f2b445342c153360504ba98c .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .ub72b6891f2b445342c153360504ba98c .postTitle { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .ub72b6891f2b445342c153360504ba98c:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Accredited Bachelor Degree Business Online Acquire Skills Necessary for Success as an Entrepreneur

Social Psychological Concepts in the Movie Mean Girls Essay

â€Å"Social Psychological Principals in Mean Girls† The movie Mean Girls shows examples of many social-psychological principals. Three of the major social-psychological principals depicted in Mean Girls are prejudice, discrimination, and conformity. According to Social Psychology and Human Nature textbook, written by Baumeister and Bushman, prejudice is a negative feeling toward an individual bases solely on his or her membership in a particular group. Discrimination is unequal treatment of different people based on the groups or categories to which they belong. Lastly, conformity is defined as getting along with the crowd. In the movie, the main character Cady, who has been homeschooled her whole life, has become forced to learn the†¦show more content†¦She feels popular and accepted by the plastics and completely conforms to their ways. As Cady gets to know the plastics they begin to introduce her to The Burn Book. This book is a perfect example of prejudice and discrimination. Prejudice is hostile or negative feelings about people based on their membership in a certain group. Discrimination is behavior directed against persons because of their membership in a particular group. The Burn Book was a book that singled out anyone in their school whether it was fellow students or even faculty members, and would basically list things that were wrong with that person. For example, they stated in the book that one of their newly divorced female teachers was selling drugs on the side and that certain girls were fat and ugly. Some examples would also stereotype because of a part of sports team or group those students were part of. For example, the students that were part of a more man like sports team such as lacrosse or field hockey was considered â€Å"lesbians† or â€Å"dykes†. Another scene from to movie that shows prejudice takes place while Regina is describing another girl Janis. Regina says, Janis, I cant invite you, because I think youre lesbian. 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Current Free Speech Doctrine free essay sample

# 8211 ; Will It Work On The Essay, Research Paper Current Free Speech Doctrine: Will It Work on the Internet? The Internet offers a much greater possible for synergistic communicating between informationsenders and receiving systems than the more traditional methods of communicating such as newspaper, wireless andtelevision. Freedom of address ascertained by the fundamental law is non an absolute right. Depending on themedium through which information is delivered assorted grades of the freedom to show one # 8217 ; s self isprotected. Internet communicating may be correspondent to either a specific bing communicating medium oreven several. Current free address protection begins to disperse as it is applied to the uncertainconfines of the freshly developed Cyberspace. The hidebound attack to liberate address protection iscentered on nucleus values and outputs consequences that are fundamentally impersonal so that content allowed through onecommunication medium is allowable in all media. Freedom of address and of the imperativeness i s a basic renter of United States constitutional jurisprudence. We will write a custom essay sample on Current Free Speech Doctrine or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Perhapsconcern for the English usage of anterior restraint ( licensing of imperativeness ) and incendiary libel was the reasonfor including the first amendment in our measure of rights. When the first amendment became jurisprudence the printedpage was the most widely used non-verbal medium of address. Speech, as we understand it, involves morethan verbal communicating. Speecht includes images, films, wireless, telecasting and expressive behavior [ Shelton v. Tucker, 364 US 479 ( 1960 ) ] . As engineering advanced and extra communicating mediumdeveloped, address was given assorted degrees of first amendment protection depending on the medium throughwhich the information was delivered. Cyberspace is a web of computing machine systems allowing literally 1000000s of people tocommunicate with one another on an hourly footing. Cyberspace may mirror other types of communicationmedium singularly or several at one clip. Current free address protectionapproaches break down when applied to Cyb erspace since one may forbid address when delivered by onemedium but permit indistinguishable address delivered via a different medium. A nucleus values approach protectsidentical address regardless of the medium in which it is delivered. So it is a foundation forCyberspace and promotes development of new engineering. That, # 8220 ; Congress shall do no jurisprudence # 8230 ; , or foreshortening the freedom of address # 8221 ; , suggests an absoluteright to talk. Justice Black dissenting in Konigsberg felt that freedom of address was absolute [ Konigsberg v. State Bar of California, 366 US 36 ( 1961 ) ] . Justice Harlan composing for the majorityrejected an absolute right, observing that protected freedom of address was less than an limitless licence totalk. When analyzing a limitation on speech the tribunal will look for a compelling authorities involvement towarrant the restraint on address. Besides the tribunal will look to find if the ordinance accomplishesthe governmental ai m in the least restrictive manner. Some signifiers of address are non protected by the first amendment. Contending words, intended andlikely to arouse a physical response transgressing the peace may be prohibited [ Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire,315 US 568 ( 1942 ) ] . Criminal legislative acts may penalize address recommending improper behavior. Under theBrandenburg trial the province must turn out that: 1 ) the talker subjectively intended to motivate unlawfulactions, 2 ) that in their context the words spoken were likely to bring forth at hand anarchic action, and 3 ) that the words used objectively bucked up incitation [ Brandenburg v. Ohio, 395 US 444 ( 1969 ) ] . Obscene speech/works are non given First amendment protection. Miller V California is the currenttest a tribunal should use in finding if address is obscene [ Miller v. California, 413 US 15 ( 1973 ) ] . The trial has three parts: 1 ) whether an mean individual using modern-day community criterions wouldfind the work tak en as a whole entreaties to prurient involvements, 2 ) whether the work depicts or depict ina obviously violative manner sexual behavior specifically defined by applicable province jurisprudence, and 3 ) whether thework taken as a whole, lacks serious literary, artistic, political or scientific value. The first twoparts of the trial apply based on criterions of the local community so that what is obscene may change withthe vicinity. The 3rd portion is based on a sensible individual criterion and is non based on local communitystandards. For a work to be found obscene all three parts of the trial must be found. Indecent address does have first amendment protection. However in the context of broadcastradio and telecasting tribunals have upheld FCC ordinance of # 8220 ; grownup address # 8221 ; . In Sable V FCC the courtinvalidated a jurisprudence forbiding indecorous Dial-a-Porn phone messages which were non obscene [ SableCommunications v. FCC, 492 US 115 ( 1989 ) ] . There the tri bunal found Congress could modulate to protectminors by necessitating usage of recognition cards, entree codifications and scrambling regulations. Early instances did non give commercial address ( advertisement ) foremost amendment protection. InPittsburgh Press the tribunal held that the exchange of information in commercial address was of import as inother types of address [ Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Commission, 413 US 376 ( 1973 ) ] . Modern casesprovide foremost amendment protection to commercial address. Hate Speech, verbal maltreatment and force directed at cultural groups, homophiles and religiousgroups has increased in recent old ages. Some college campuses have adopted address codifications prohibitingracist, sexist and homophobic address [ American Civil Liberties Union, Briefing Paper Number 16 HateSpeech on Campus ] . Medium of Speech Regulated Speech has been regulated otherwise depending on the medium overwhich the communicating has been made. The printed med ium has been found to bask the broadest freedom ofspeech protection. When wireless and telecasting instances arose the tribunals upheld the right of FCC regulationbased on the scarceness of broadcast channels and to supply for the demands of viewing audiences and hearers ratherthan accredited broadcasters [ FCC v. League of Women Voters, 468 US 364 ( 1984 ) ] . For overseas telegram telecasting somecourts have held that authorities has less ability to modulate plan content than for broadcasttelevision [ Cruz v. Ferre, 755 F. 2d 1415 ( 11th 1985 ) ] . Different FCC ordinances apply to thecommercial usage of phone lines [ Sable Communications v. FCC, 492 US 115 ( 1989 ) ] . Congress has appliedmany ordinances to satellite broadcasts that were at one clip merely applied to air telecasting. Satellite does non endure from limited channels as broadcast telecasting does s! o tribunals may allow less ordinance of orbiter broadcasts than traditional telecasting. Finally it hasbeen held that a individual may possess obscene stuff in their ain places [ Stanley v. Georgia, 394 US 557 ( 1969 ) ] , so while production or distribution of obscene stuff is non protected ownership is at somelevel. U.S. 5 Thomas, found California based system operators, who operated a bulletin board, guilty ofviolating Tennessee lewdness Torahs [ US v. Thomas, Case No. 94-20019-G ( WD Tn 1994 ) ] . A Tennessee postalinspector joined Thomas # 8217 ; system. He downloaded sexually oriented images, ordered a picture tape andsent Thomas an unasked child-porn picture. A Memphis jury found the California twosome guilty. Hereprotected speech/activity legal in California was illegal in Tennessee. An statement can be made that thecommunity criterion of Miller would let a conservative community to coerce their criterions on anotherstate for behavior performed in the more broad province. An illustration of how Cyberspace can increase discourse of look and thoughts involved hate address messages on Prodigy. Some users denied Holocaust occurred and disparaged Jews. Other users were able torespond, disagree with and label as bigots the original group. In reviewing the incident the ElectronicFrontier Foundation (EFF) found that on balance bothsides were able to express their viewpoints. [Electronic Frontier Foundation, Letter to Office of PolicyAnalysis and Development NTIA, US Department of Commerce, by Shari Steel, staff attorney, 4-26-93]. Dueto the interactive nature of Cyberspace more people are able to express themselves. Unlike printed presswhere there are publishers and readers or television where there are broadcasters and viewers theInternet allows a far greater level of interaction. In Cubby, Inc. v CompuServe, CompuServe was found not to be liable for distributing the materialsof others [Cubby, Inc. v. Compuserve, Inc., 776 F Supp 135 (SDNY 1991)]. Like a real world distributorof books it would not be reasonable to expect CompuServe to review all messages and files passing throughtheir system. The major criticism involving free speech and Cyberspace relate to the media specific nature ofcurrent regulations [Robert Corn-Revere, New Technology and the First Amendment: Breaking The Cycle ofRepression, 17 Hastings]. Each time a new technology has developed new criteria is established. When abreakthrough in technology first emerges there is no solid framework that developers, users, governmentor courts can look to for guidance. As a result what may be protected in print media is prohibited frombroadcast television. In Cyberspace a user or system operator can wear numerous hats. When acting as apublisher one is responsible for libel and defamation. If acting as a distributor of someone else’sproduct there will likely be no liability. [Cubby, Inc. v. Compuserve, Inc.776 F Supp 135 (SDNY 1991)]. Others point out that Cyberspace is unlike other communication media and therefore should not beregulated at all or should have a different standard [Anne Wells Branscomb, Anonymity, Autonomy, andAccountability: Challenges to First Amen dment in Cyberspace, 104 Yale Law Journal, 1639, 1995 ]. Current politics is attempting to draft legislation to either restrain or protect the Internet from theregulatory arm of the government. Robert Corn-Revere has described the inconsistent protection/ regulation through an exampleinvolving a regulator simultaneously viewing an identical sex scene on five televisions. One of thetelevisions is receiving its signal from a broadcast tv station, another from a cable television feed,another from a VCR, a fourth via satellite and the fifth via fiber opticphone lines. The paradox is that identical expression/content on the five sets may be subject to five ormore types of regulatory schemes and receive varying levels of free speech protection. The difference inregulation may be ascribed to the law reacting to new technologies in a manner to fit the level ofregulation to the developing technology. Revere describes three judicial approaches which may be used in determining what level of fr eespeech is afforded, incremental approach, revisionist and traditionalism. The incremental approachreflects current reality where different standards are applied to different media even though the speechcontent may be identical. This approach provides full free speech protection only to the printed media. A disadvantage is the lack of a framework that can be applied to new technologies, like Cyberspace. Therevisionist approach is based on balancing private and public interest to maximize the good for all. Likethe incremental approach, changes in technology outpace the regulators and a void develops whenever a newcommunication medium emerges. To fill the void regulators tend to attempt using regulations designed forother communication forms that may not work well. The traditional approach ignores the medium through which communication is transmitted andanalyzes the content of the message to test if it warrants free speech protection. Laurence Tribe hasreferred the constitutionâ€⠄¢s core values [Lawrence H. Tribe, The Constitution in Cyberspace, preparedremarks, Keynote address at the First Conference on Computers Privacy, (1991)]. The core values wouldbe universal beliefs and ideals that would not change with new technologies. Tribe put forth five principles that applied to Cyberspace issues. They would maintain the FirstAmendment’s vitality and ability to guarantee free speech. First the constitution limits what governmentmay do but advances in technology do not expand what government may do. Secondly private property isprivate and the government can not make private property public subject to the fifth amendment. The thirdprinciple is that government may not control the content of speech/information. Tribe submits thatwriting of computer viruses (information content which is speech) would be constitutionally protected. But the use of viruses tothe harm of others can be prosecuted like yelling fire in a theater where no fire exists. The fourthprin ciple is that right and wrong do not change with technology. And the final principle is thatConstitution’s meaning should not vary as technology changes. The Constitution’s principles must beinterpreted in a dynamic way. One example provided was how the court in Olmstead held that wiretappingwas not a search invading a person’s right to privacy in the same way a physical search of a house wouldbe [Olmstead v. US, 389 US 351 (1967)]. In Katz, the Supreme Court repudiated the earlier decisionfinding that the fourth amendment protected people not places and that wiretapping was an invasion of aperson’s privacy [Katz v. US, 389 US 351 (1967)]. The traditionalist or core value approach provides a stable framework for determining whetherthere is a compelling governmental interest sufficient to warrant a restriction on free speech and if theregulation is narrowly tailored. Regardless of the medium of speech identical content would receive thesame level of protec tion. The traditionalist approach also provides aframework to apply to emerging technologies like Cyberspace and technologies unknown at present [RobertCorn-Revere, New Technology and the First Amendment: Breaking the Cycle of Repression, 17 Hastings]. Existing free speech protection devices that regulate to a varying degree based on the medium ofcommunication rather than the content transmitted do not provide a suitable framework to protect speechin Cyberspace. A core-value approach to speech protection provides equal protection to identical speechcontent regardless of the medium through which the information is transmitted. A core-value approachtherefore provides a stable framework for addressing free speech issues in Cyberspace and technologiesyet to develop. In the words of the late Professor Meiklejohn, who has articulated a view of the first amendment whichassumes its justification to be political self-government, has wisely pointed out that, â€Å"what isessential is not tha t everyone shall speak, but that everything worth saying shall be said†Ã¢â‚¬â€œthat thepoint of ultimate interest is not the words of the speaker but the minds of the hearers [A. Meiklejohn,Political Freedom: The Constitutional Powers of the People 25-28]. Can everything worth saying beeffectively said? Constitutional opinions that are particularly solicitous of the interest of massmedia–radio, television, and mass circulated newspaper– devote little thought to securing thedifficulties of access to those media The overwhelming public use of the Internet has forced a majorfocus on the public’s access to a mass medium. The Internet’s purpose of creating an opportunity forexpression has been as important as ensuring the right to express ideas without fear o!f governmental reprisal.